Moby Dick

at the outset it is but well to attend to a matter almost
indispensable to a thorough appreciative understanding of the more
special leviathanic revelations and allusions of all sorts
which are to follow.

It is some systematized exhibition of the whale in his broad genera,
that I would now fain put before you.  Yet is it no easy task.
The classification of the constituents of a chaos, nothing less
is here essayed.  Listen to what the best and latest authorities
have laid down.

"No branch of Zoology is so much involved as that which is
entitled Cetology," says Captain Scoresby, A.D. 1820.

"It is not my intention, were it in my power, to enter into the inquiry
as to the true method of dividing the cetacea into groups and
families.... Utter confusion exists among the historians of this animal"
(sperm whale), says Surgeon Beale, A.D. 1839.

"Unfitness to pursue our research in the unfathomable waters."
"Impenetrable veil covering our knowledge of the cetacea."
"A field strewn with thorns."  "All these incomplete indications
but serve to torture us naturalists."

Thus speak of the whale, the great Cuvier, and John Hunter, and Lesson,
those lights of zoology and anatomy.  Nevertheless, though of real
knowledge there be little, yet of books there are a plenty;
and so in some small degree, with cetology, or the science of whales.
Many are the men, small and great, old and new, landsmen and seamen,
who have at large or in little, written of the whale.  Run over a few:--
The Authors of the Bible; Aristotle; Pliny; Aldrovandi; Sir Thomas Browne;
Gesner; Ray; Linnaeus; Rondeletius; Willoughby; Green; Artedi; Sibbald;
Brisson; Marten; Lacepede; Bonneterre; Desmarest; Baron Cuvier; Frederick
Cuvier; John Hunter; Owen; Scoresby; Beale; Bennett; J. Ross Browne;
the Author of Miriam Coffin; Olmstead; and the Rev. T. Cheever.  But to
what ultimate generalizing purpose all these have written, the above
cited extracts will show.

Of the names in this list of whale authors only those following Owen ever
saw living whales; and but one of them was a real professional harpooneer
and whaleman.  I mean Captain Scoresby.  On the separate subject
of the Greenland or right-whale, he is the best existing authority.
But Scoresby knew nothing and says nothing of the great sperm whale,
compared with which the Greenland whale is almost unworthy mentioning.
And here be it said, that the Greenland whale is an usurper upon
the throne of the seas.  He is not even by any means the largest
of the whales.  Yet, owing to the long priority of his claims,
and the profound ignorance which till some seventy years back,
invested the then fabulous and utterly unknown sperm-whale, and which
ignorance to this present day still reigns in all but some few scientific
retreats and whale-ports; this usurpation has been every way complete.
Reference to nearly all the leviathanic allusions in the great
poets of past days, will satisfy you that the Greenland whale,
without one rival, was to them the monarch of the seas.  But the time
has at last come for a new proclamation.  This is Charing Cross;
hear ye! good people all,--the Greenland whale is deposed,--
the great sperm whale now reigneth!

There are only two books in being which at all pretend to put the living
sperm whale before you, and at the same time, in the remotest degree
succeed in the attempt.  Those books are Beale's and Bennett's;
both in their time surgeons to the English South-Sea whale-ships,
and both exact and reliable men.  The original matter touching
the sperm whale to be found in their volumes is necessarily small;
but so far as it goes, it is of excellent quality, though mostly
confined to scientific description.  As yet, however, the sperm whale,
scientific or poetic, lives not complete in any literature.
Far above all other hunted whales, his is an unwritten life.

Now the various species of whales need some sort of popular
comprehensive classification, if only an easy outline one for
the present, hereafter to be filled in all-outward its departments
by subsequent laborers.  As no better man advances to take
this matter in hand, I hereupon offer my own poor endeavors.
I promise nothing complete; because any human thing supposed
to be complete must for that very reason infallibly be faulty.
I shall not pretend to a minute anatomical description
of the various species, or--in this space at least--
to much of any description.  My object here is simply
to project the draught of a systematization of cetology.
I am the architect, not the builder.

But it is a ponderous task; no ordinary letter-sorter in the Post-Office
is equal to it.  To grope down into the bottom of the sea after them;
to have one's hands among the unspeakable foundations, ribs,
and very pelvis of the world; this is a fearful thing.
What am I that I should essay to hook the nose of this leviathan!
The awful tauntings in Job might well appal me.  "Will he (the leviathan)
make a covenant with thee?  Behold the hope of him is vain!
But I have swam through libraries and sailed through oceans;
I have had to do with whales with these visible hands; I am in earnest;
and I will try.  There are some preliminaries to settle.

First:  The uncertain, unsettled condition of this science
of Cetology is in the very vestibule attested by the fact,
that in some quarters it still remains a moot point whether
a whale be a fish.  In his System of Nature, A.D. 1776,
Linnaeus declares, "I hereby separate the whales from the fish."
But of my own knowledge, I know that down to the year 1850,
sharks and shad, alewives and herring, against Linnaeus's