Latin for Beginners

    pro:,      _before, in front of; for, in behalf of_
    sine,      _without_

  2. Prepositions not expressing ablative relations must govern the
  _accusative_ (Sec. 52). Of these we have had the following:

    ad,    _to_;
    apud,  _among_;
    per,   _through_

  There are many others which you will meet as we proceed.

  3. The preposition /in\ when meaning _in_ or _on_ governs the
  _ablative_; when meaning _to, into, against_ (relations foreign to the
  ablative) /in\ governs the _accusative_.

_210._ _Yes_-or-_No_ Questions. Questions not introduced by some
interrogative word like _who, why, when_, etc., but expecting the answer
_yes_ or _no_, may take one of three forms:

  1. _Is he coming?_ (Asking for information. Implying nothing as to
       the answer expected.)
  2. _Is he not coming?_ (Expecting the answer _yes_.)
  3. _He isn't coming, is he?_ (Expecting the answer _no_.)

These three forms are rendered in Latin as follows:

  1. Venitne? _is he coming?_
  2. Nonne venit? _is he not coming?_
  3. Num venit? _he isn't coming, is he?_

    _a._ -ne, the question sign, is usually added to the verb, which
    then stands first.

    _b._ We learned in Sec. 56.b that _yes_-or-_no_ questions are
    usually answered by repeating the verb, with or without a negative.
    Instead of this, /ita\, /vero\, /certe\, etc. (_so, truly,
    certainly_, etc.) may be used for _yes_, and /non\, /minime\, etc.
    for _no_ if the denial is emphatic, as, _by no means_, _not at all_.

_211._ EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 290.

I. 1. Nonne habebat Cornelia ornamenta auri? Habebat. 2. Num Sextus
legatus scutum in dextro bracchio gerebat? Non in dextro, sed sinistro
in bracchio Sextus scutum gerebat. 3. Frustra bella multa ab Gallis
gesta erant. 4. Ubi oppidum a perfido Sexto occupatum est, oppidani
miseri gladio interfecti sunt. 5. Id oppidum erat plenum frumenti.
6. Nonne Sextus ab oppidanis frumentum postulavit? Vero, sed ii
recusaverunt frumentum dare. 7. Cur oppidum ab Sexto deletum est? Quia
frumentum recusatum est. 8. Ea victoria non dubia erat. 9. Oppidani
erant defessi et armis egebant. 10. Num fugam temptaverunt? Minime.

II. 1. Where was Julia standing? She was standing where you had ordered.
2. Was Julia wearing any ornaments? She had many ornaments of gold.
3. Did she not attempt flight when she saw the danger? She did. 4. Who
captured her? Galba captured her without delay and held her by the left
arm. 5. She didn't have the lady's gold, did she? No, the gold had been
taken by a faithless maid and has been brought back.

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  Fourth Review, Lessons XXVII-XXXVI, Secs. 513-516

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LESSON XXXVII

CONJUGATION OF _POSSUM_ : THE INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH

  [Special Vocabulary]

  /neque\ or /nec\, conj., _neither_, _nor_, _and ... not_;
    /neque ... neque\, _neither ... nor_
  /castellum, -i:\, n., _redoubt, fort_ (castle)
  /coti:die:\, adv., _daily_
   cesso:, cessa:re, cessa:vi:, cessa:tus, _cease_, with the infin.

  /incipio:, incipere, ince:pi:, inceptus\, _begin_ (incipient),
    with the infin.
  /oppugno:, oppugna:re, oppugna:vi:, oppugna:tus\, _storm, assail_
  /peto:, petere, petivi\ or /petii:, peti:tus\, _aim at, assail, storm,
    attack; seek, ask_ (petition)
  /po:no:, po:nere, posui:, positus\, _place, put_ (position);
    /castra po:nere\, _to pitch camp_
  /possum, posse, potui:, ----\, _be able, can_ (potent), with the
    infin.
  /veto:, veta:re, vetui:, vetitus\, _forbid_ (veto), vith the infin.;
    opposite of /iubeo:\, _command_
  /vinco:, vincere, vi:ci:, victus\, _conquer_ (in-vincible)
  /vi:vo:, vi:vere, vi:xi:, ----\, _live, be alive_ (re-vive)

_212._ Learn the principal parts of /possum\, _I am able_, _I can_, and
its inflection in the indicative and infinitive. (Cf. Sec. 495.)

    _a._ /Possum\, _I can_, is a compound of /potis\, _able_, and /sum\,
    _I am_.

_213._ The Infinitive with Subject Accusative. The _infinitive_ (cf.